欧州GMフリー地域ネットワーク 20州がGM・非GM共存に関するフローレンス憲章採択
05.2.16
ヨーロッパの広域地方（州レベル）政府の遺伝子組み換え作物・食品（GMO）との戦いが本格化してきた。国家政府が曖昧な態度と取りつづけるなか、GM作物の商業栽培の導入・普及に血道を上げる欧州委員会への対決姿勢を強めている。2月8日、イタリアのフローレンスに集まった20のEU内広域地方政府（1）が、GM汚染から自らを保護する権利と遺伝子汚染の責任者に対する懲罰を要求する「GMOと伝統・有機作物栽培の共存に関するヨーロッパ広域地方と地方当局の憲章」（2）を採択した。目的はGMOに脅かされると予想される高品質農業を保護することにある。これは、反GMOの運動が環境・消費者団体を超え、国によりその程度は異なるとはいえ、何らかの権力を行使できる機関にまで及んだことを意味し、重大な転機を画する。
フローレンス憲章は欧州委員会のGMO政策を強く批判する。それは、EUにおけるGMOの環境放出と商品化を律する要の法律である2001年指令（指令2001/18）が「伝統的農業を選択した農業者が彼等の作物を遺伝子汚染から防衛する権利に関心を持たない」と言い、GM作物栽培を選ばなかった農業者が、GM農業を採用した近隣農業者の畑からの花粉から十分に護られないことを憂慮する。それは、「本指令は、別の作物が汚染された場合のバイテク企業の責任の民事責任をカバーしておらず、EU条約174条に述べられた汚染者負担原則（3）に言及していない」と明記する。そして、GMO栽培がもたらす結果は、「健康と環境だけでなく、団体[地方自治体]の社会的・経済的機能の条件」にも関係すると強調する。
それは、「GM作物と他の作物の真の共存、すなわち分離の保証を確保する」目的で、「拡大された区域ならびに地域（州）領土全体での伝統的作物と有機作物のGMOからの保護に備える」ことを約束、欧州委員会に対し、遺伝子汚染の責任者を罰するシステムを提案するように要求、GMO承認手続が予防・未然防止・倫理の原則や消費者の利益を尊重するように要望する。その背後には、これまでのGMOは、消費者にとっても、環境にとっても、何の利益も確証されていないという認識がある。
GMO新規承認モラトリアムは昨年解除されたが、商業栽培開始のために求められた「共存措置」の制定を完了した国は、今のところ、ドイツとイタリアに限られる。ドイツは昨年11月、GM作物栽培禁止も同然な共存措置を採択した。イタリアは今年1月に採択、州に対してGMOに関する規則制定の権限を与えた。他の国の政府はためらっているが、商業栽培導入に積極的なわけでもない。モラトリアム解除後のすべての承認の可否は各国の閣僚で構成される理事会で決定できず、欧州委員会が承認を決定せざるをえない状況になっている。各国政府が曖昧な態度に終始するなか、地域が決然とした姿勢を示し始めたわけだ。
地域内へのGMO導入を禁止しようとして欧州委員会に阻止された北オーストラリアが03年11月に始動させたGMフリー地域ネットワークに参加したのは、当初は10州にとどまったが、いまや倍の20州に増えた。これらの州は、北オーストラリア同様に欧州委員会に戦いを挑む。欧州委員会は3月にモンサントのGMナタネ（GT73）を承認する予定だが、それに先立ち欧州委員会と直談判する予定だ。また、ドイツやイタリアと同様な共存措置を求める動きを強める。その背後には、環境保護団体と共にGMフリー地域を目指す地域農業者や関係者の動きがある。フランスのブルターニュは、そのためのブラジルとの連携にまで進んでいる。
フランスやヨーロッパの大豆滓はほとんどアルゼンチンやブラジルから供給される。アルゼンチンの大豆はほぼ100％GM大豆であり、ブラジルのルーラ政府も農業者が密輸・自家採取種子によりGM大豆を大々的に導入するのを後追い承認している。一大畜産地帯であるブルターニュの養豚・養鶏もこれに依存している。ブルターニュは昨年8月、ブラジル南部で頑強にGM大豆導入に抵抗しているパラナ州と、生産から大豆滓加工に至るまでGMフリーを実現する協力協定に調印した。これは、農民同盟等が首唱する自律的な多数の農民による農業を求める動きから生まれたもので、工業的な生産性至上主義の農業のためのGM作物はこのような農業には適さない。いまや、フランスに輸入される大豆450万トンの４分の１までが非GMを保証されてるようになった。
しかし、その維持・拡大は容易なことではない。それはブラジルにとっても大きな負担だ。パラナ州の非GM生産を維持し・促がすためには、確実な需要を保証する必要がある。しかし、小売業界が求める安価な大量の豚肉・鶏肉を生産する畜産工場が支配的なブルターニュで高品質生産に徹し、非GM飼料に拘ることは、激しい競争からの脱落にもつながる。それは地域の社会・経済にも大きく影響する。
ほとんどが山地に属し、畜産が主体の中央山塊北部のオーベルニュ地方は、高級な原産地呼称製品や有機農業に傾注する一方、GM農業の誘惑にも駆られている。GMフリー地域ネットワークが今後どこまで拡大するかは予断を許さない。しかし、ここまで来れば、ネットワークの前進はあり得ても、後退はあり得ないように思われる。
参照
農業情報研究所；EUのGMO新規承認モラトリアム解除とGMOをめぐる欧州の状況・３．共存問題及び４．GMフリー地域。
地球の友ヨーロッパ（Friends of the Earth Europe）のGMO-free
Europe：European network of GMO-free Regions(http://www.foeeurope.org/GMOs/gmofree/NetworkofGMOfree_regions.htm)のページ。
また、この記事に直接関係する最新のニュース記事としてLe Monde interactifに掲載された次の3点をあげておく。
Vingt régions européennes défient Bruxelles en refusant les OGM,2.14
La Bretagne et le Parana, au Brésil, élaborent une stratégie alternative,2.14
L'Auvergne est partagée entre le "bio" et le transgénique,2.14
（1）オーストリア：オーバーエスタライヒ、ブルゲンランド、シュタイヤマルク、ザルツブルグ
ギリシャ：ドラマ・カバラ・クサンテ
イタリア：トスカーナ、マルケ、ラチオ、エミリア・ロマーニャ、サルデーニャ、ボルツァーノ
フランス：アキテーヌ、ブルターニュ、イル・ド・フランス、ポワトゥ・シャランテ、リムーザン
スペイン：エウスカディ（バスク）
ドイツ：シュレスヴィヒ・ホルシュタイン
イギリス：ウェールズ、ハイランド＆アイランド
CHARTER OF THE REGIONS
AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES OF EUROPE ON THE SUBJECT OF COEXISTENCE OF GENETICALLY
MODIFIED CROPS WITH TRADITIONAL AND ORGANIC FARMING
Having regard to the Treaty
establishing the European Community and to the relevant International Treaties
Given that:
(1) The European Constitution, that has been already ratified or is under
discussion from European Union's Member States, indicates human health
protection (art. II-95 and III-278), consumer protection (art. II-98 and
III-235) and environmental protection (art. II-97, III-233 and III-234) as
European Union sustainable development strategic objectives and it assigns an
essential role to local authorities in the carrying out of said objectives
(art. I-5 and I-11);
(2) the Communication of 5
March 2003(1) stressed the need to promote "responsible governance"
of biotechnologies' development in such as away as to involve all European,
national and regional institutions;
(3) according to the Cartagena
Biosafety Protocol, signed in Montreal on 29 January 2000 and ratified by the
Member States, and the Convention on biodiversity of Rio de Janeiro of 3-14
June 1992, approved by Council Decision 1993/626/EC of 29 October 1993,(2) the
States are responsible for preserving biological diversity on their territory
and for the sustainable use of their biological resources, and, moreover,
evaluate that from such biodiversity rises the agricultural and crop
biodiversity, on which certified-quality agriculture is based, and the faculty
to choose the form of farming suited to the various environmental, cultural,
social and economic conditions;
(4) the principle of food
sovereignty should be regarded as the logical consequence of the principle of
international law according to which the peoples freely dispose of their own
wealth and natural resources, as provided for in Article 1 of the United
Nations Charter;
(5) free access to genetic
resources for the purposes of reproducing or propagating plant materials is
guaranteed to farmers, as an exception to the regulations on biotechnological
inventions, as provided for by Directive 1988/44/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 6 July 1998;(4)
(6) the protection of
agricultural biodiversity requires the native resources of the various types of
agriculture to be conserved. Such protection, with specific reference to seeds,
is governed by Council Directive 1998/95/EC of 14 December 1998,(4) only partly
implemented at Community level, which can provide protection against biopiracy
in that it provides for the setting-up of a varieties register also protecting
varieties which are not internally homogeneous and therefore offers a legal
basis to coordinate the action of the Regions for safeguarding their own
biodiversity heritage for agricultural use and also to avoid it being
contaminated by external genotypes, including genetically modified ones;
(7) the sixth Conference of the
parties on the biological diversity (Convention on Biological Diversity - April
2002) lays down provisions concerning the fair and equitable distribution
between users and suppliers of profits derived from the use of genetic
resources; such profits must be directed towards the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity;
(8) Directive 2001/18/EC of the
Council and of the European Parliament of 12 March 2001(5) states that the
effects of releasing genetically modified organisms into the environment can be
irreversible and that the protection of human, animal and plant health and of
the environment must be ensured by the principles of "prevention" and
"precaution" and in accordance with the "ethical principles
recognised in a Member State" examining all possible negative effects
(direct, indirect, instant, delayed, long-term cumulative ) caused by the
deliberate release of GMOs and any associated conflicts of interest. On the
other hand, the Directive does not provide guarantees for farmers growing
certified- quality produce nor does it set out the rights of farmers choosing
conventional agriculture to protect their crops from genetic contamination;
(9) The Recommendation of 23
July 2003(6) provides that in the European Union no form of farming, whether
conventional, organic or using GMOs, may be excluded, and that at the same time
a free choice between conventional, organic or transgenic farming must be
guaranteed to farmers as well as the possibility of maintaining separate
farming systems whenever mixing of transgenic and non-transgenic crops could
potentially cause harm to health, the environment, rural development, biodiversity
or free choice for consumers;
(10) Directive 2001/18/EC does
not regulate the civil liability of biotechnology firms in the event of
contamination of other crops and therefore does not refer to the "polluter
pays" principle set out in Article 174 of the EC Treaty (Article 130 R
since the entry into force of the Treaty of 2 October 1997, signed in
Amsterdam), nor to the "White paper on liability for environmental
damage"(7) or in general to the fundamental principles set out in the
Treaty of Nice of 7 December 2000(8) and in the European Constitution.
(11) The EESC own-initiative
opinion (NAT/244 "Coexistence between genetically modified crops and
conventional and organic crops" of 16 December 2004) asks the European
Commission to set out how the extra costs of coexistence are to be shared
according to the "polluter pays" principle in order to avoid any
negative impact on the prices of the final products (paragraph 4.8.3); the EESC
believes that provisions to regulate or ban cultivation of certain GMOs can be
pertaining to the regions on the basis of territorial peculiarities, economic
relevance and cost-benefit considerations (paragraph 4.9.2) in order to
safeguard quality and origin regional products;
(12) on 4th November 2003 ten
European Regions signed a document that engaged themselves to ask the European
Commission to give assurances to avoid the GMO presence in the traditional and
organic farm. Such agreement has been confirmed during the second Conference on
27th April 2004 in Linz.
Whereas:
- in the current state of
affairs it remains great uncertainty over the effects of GMOs on human health,
and there are real possibilities of contamination of the natural environment
and biodiversity through gene flows carried by mechanical and biological vectors,
whereas the precautionary principle establishes the need of actions to avoid
risks that, according to available scientific and technical data, are also only
possible and not yet provable;
- the impact of GMOs on the
environment and on the social and economic circumstances of the community
depends to a large extent on the characteristics of the territory concerned and
may conflict with the principle of ecocompatible development;
- to ensure effective
coexistence, i.e. a guarantee of total separation between transgenic and other
crops, the following are required at regional level: a) high-level scientific
research aimed at acquiring knowledge on environmental and economic impact on
specific territories; b) appropriate monitoring and control systems; c) effective
sanctions; d) specific systems for traceability throughout the production
process; e) appropriate training for farmers and operators in the agri-food
industry, and public information; f) sound financial resources from both public
and private institutions for implementing the measures set out above;
- The Regions promote
certified-quality produce and biodiversity, whose value would be irreparably
compromised by genetic contamination; - the current rules on the labelling of
GMOs do not offer sufficient protection for producers of organic and
certified-quality produce in general, which are required to be totally free of
genetically modified organisms according to their production discipline.
THE SIGNATORY REGIONS AND LOCAL
AUTHORITIES OF EUROPE, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR COMPETENCES AND THEIR
OBLIGATIONS UNDER COMMUNITY LAW, HEREBY UNDERTAKE
1) to pursue the process
started with the Brussels declaration of the 4th November 2003, confirmed by
the Linz conference of the 27th April 2004, that remains in force;
2) to promote the
implementation at the regional level of specific plan and/or technical rules,
with the possibility to foresee a protection to the conventional and organic
crops against GMOs on large areas, including a whole region;
3) to evise specific plan
and/or technical rules on the basis of thorough feasibility studies involving
the analysis of the environmental, socio- economic and cultural impact of
growing GMO crops; to provide within the plans for:
- safeguard of the agricultural
areas basing their production on certified-quality standards, such as products
of designated origin and organic produce, and of the areas subject to current
European rules or national/regional rules for special protection and
constraints for safeguarding biodiversity, specific local produce and
environmental heritage, from possible genetic contamination, preventing or
discouraging growing of GMO crops in those areas;
- to define specific parameters
for delimiting "GMO-free" areas or regions, for safeguarding agricultural
economies based on the added value of certified-quality produce, including the
study and implementation of separation belts to boost the protection of
biological uniqueness and originality;
- the activation of procedures
to identify areas left out from growing GMO produce only based on common
scientific, economic and environmental methods so as to ensure that the result
of such procedures are not regarded by the European Union as a hindrance or
barrier to the operation of the internal market at Community level;
4) to ask the European
Commission and the other European Institutions to propose a system of sanctions
able to attribute the costs and responsibilities for direct and indirect damage
to operators causing it;
5) to ensure that where GMO
research is allowed, it is carried out in observance of strict safety protocols
and within authorised areas and to make public the descriptions of the analysis
processes and the results of the agronomic research funded with public money or
carried out by public institutions;
6) to support and to assure
technically the principle of reproductive seeds being GMO-free;
7) to promote the conclusion of
international agreements intended to guarantee supplies of high-quality raw
materials certified as "GMO-free";
8) to protect the biodiversity
of the Regions by means of measures to encourage the registration of native
varieties and species in biodiversity conservation catalogues and to exploit
these varieties and species in the farming industry, so preventing this
heritage becoming patented;
9) to arrange with the European
Union Institutions so that the procedures for authorising new GMO varieties are
subject, not only to compliance with the principles of precaution, prevention
and ethics, but also to the existence of positive effects for consumers and the
community in general;
10) to expand and strengthen
the Network of European Regions and local authorities that share the principles
set out, with the intention of carrying out joint action, such as: exchanges of
information, assistance, training, research, setting-up of territorial
databases, advice, as well as coordination of initiatives for influencing the
European Institutions and Member States to revise the current regulations on GMO
in light of the general principles set out above.
Signed in Florence, on the 4th
of February 2005
Signed in Florence, on the 4th
of February 2005
On behalf of Regione Toscana
[Italy]
On behalf of Land Oberosterreich [Austria]
On behalf of Regione Marche [Italy]
On behalf of Région Aquitaine [France]
On behalf of Regione Lazio [Italy]
On behalf of Région Bretagne [France]
On behalf of the Región Euskadi [Spain]
On behalf of the Región Wales [UK]
On behalf of Région Ile de France [France]
On behalf of Région Poitou-Charentes [France]
On behalf of the Highlands and Islands Region [UK]
On behalf of Land Schleswig Holstein [Germany]
On behalf of Région Limousin [France]
On behalf of Regione Emilia Romagna [Italy]
On behalf of Land Burgenland [Austria]
On behalf of Land Steiermark [Austria]
On behalf of Regione Sardegna [Italy]
On behalf of the Drama-Kavala-Xanthi Region [Greece]
On behalf of Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano [Italy]
On behalf of Land Salzburg [Austria]
1)Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the European
Economic and Social Committee. Life sciences and biotechnology - A strategy for
Europe: progress report and future orientations; COM (2003) 96 final, Brussels,
05.03.2003, consultable at http://www.europa.eu.int.
2) OJEC 309, 13.12.1993.
3) OJEC L 213, 30.07.1998.
4) OJEC L 25, 01.02.1999.
5) OJEC L 106, 17.04.2001.
6) OJEU L 189, 29.07.2003.
7) Communication from the Commission of 9 February 2000 (COM 00/66 final) to
the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee.
8) OJEC C 364 of 18.12.200
（3）欧州共同体設立条約の第174条の２は次のように述べる。「環境に関する共同体の政策は、・・・未然防止の原則、ならびに予防的行動が取られること、環境破壊は先ずその発生源で正されるべきこと、および汚染者負担原則に基づくべきである。・・・」